salmanoff/stimBuffApis/livoxGen1/ioUringAssemblyEngine.cpp

#include <boostAsioLinkageFix.h>
#include <config.h>
#include <opts.h>
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <cstring>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <functional>
#include <random>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/eventfd.h>
#include <sys/uio.h>
#include <sys/poll.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <boost/system/error_code.hpp>
#include <livoxProto1/device.h>
#include <livoxProto1/livoxProto1.h>
#include <asynchronousContinuation.h>
#include <asynchronousLoop.h>
#include <asynchronousBridge.h>
#include <callback.h>
#include <callableTracer.h>
#include <spinLock.h>
#include "ioUringAssemblyEngine.h"
#include "pcloudStimulusProducer.h"
#include "livoxGen1.h"

// #define REGISTER_IOURING_BUFFERS

namespace smo {
namespace stim_buff {

inline LivoxProto1DllState& getLivoxProto1State() { return livoxProto1; }

struct DummyLivoxEthHeader
{
	DummyLivoxEthHeader()
	: version(0xFF), slot(0xFF), id(0xFF), rsvd(0xFF)
	{}

	static bool isDummy(const DummyLivoxEthHeader& hdr)
	{
		return hdr.version == 0xFF || hdr.slot == 0xFF || hdr.id == 0xFF
			|| hdr.rsvd == 0xFF;
	}

	static bool isValid(const DummyLivoxEthHeader& hdr)
		{ return !isDummy(hdr); }

	uint8_t version, slot, id, rsvd;
	uint32_t err_code;
	uint8_t timestamp_type, data_type;
	uint8_t timestamp[8];
};

IoUringAssemblyEngine::IoUringAssemblyEngine(
	PcloudStimulusProducer& parent_, size_t nDgramsPerStagingBufferFrame_)
: parent(parent_),
frameAssemblyDesc(nullptr), ring{},
eventfdFd(-1), eventfdDesc(nullptr), eventfd_value(0),
stallTimer(parent_.device->componentThread->getIoService()),
shouldAcceptRequests(false),
nDgramsPerStagingBufferFrame(nDgramsPerStagingBufferFrame_),
assembledSlotsTracker(nDgramsPerStagingBufferFrame_),
randomDevice(), randomGenerator(randomDevice())
{}

bool IoUringAssemblyEngine::setup()
{
	// Defensive check to prevent double-calling
	{
		SpinLock::Guard lock(shouldAcceptRequestsLock);
		if (shouldAcceptRequests)
		{
			throw std::runtime_error(std::string(__func__) + ": setup() called "
				"while already set up");
		}
	}

	// Get FrameAssemblyDesc from staging buffer
	frameAssemblyDesc = static_cast<std::shared_ptr<FrameAssemblyDesc>>(
		parent.assemblyBuffer);

	if (!frameAssemblyDesc || frameAssemblyDesc->slots.empty())
		{ return false; }

	// Get point cloud data socket descriptor from UdpCommandDemuxer
	auto& livoxState = getLivoxProto1State();
	if (!livoxState.livoxProto1_getPcloudDataFdDesc)
		{ return false; }
	pcloudDataFdDesc = (*livoxState.livoxProto1_getPcloudDataFdDesc)();
	if (!pcloudDataFdDesc)
		{ return false; }

	// Get UDP socket file descriptor
	int udpFd = pcloudDataFdDesc->native_handle();
	if (udpFd < 0)
		{ return false; }

	// Set up iovecs for each slot
	for (size_t i = 0; i < frameAssemblyDesc->numSlots; ++i)
	{
		assembledSlotsTracker[i].assembled = false;
		assembledSlotsTracker[i].msgHdr = {};
		assembledSlotsTracker[i].msgHdr.msg_iov =
			&assembledSlotsTracker[i].ioVec;
		assembledSlotsTracker[i].msgHdr.msg_iovlen = 1;
	}

	for (size_t i = 0; i < frameAssemblyDesc->numSlots; ++i)
	{
		const auto& slot = frameAssemblyDesc->slots[i];
		assembledSlotsTracker[i].ioVec.iov_base = slot.vaddr;
		assembledSlotsTracker[i].ioVec.iov_len = slot.nBytes;
	}

	// Declare iovec early to avoid goto crossing initialization
#ifdef REGISTER_IOURING_BUFFERS
	struct iovec iov;
#endif
	int ret;

	/**	EXPLANATION:
	 * Initialize io_uring ring - allocate SQEs and CQEs for one frame assembly
	 * One SQE per slot (one datagram per slot), plus one extra for cancel
	 * operations, since io_uring_prep_cancel() requires a valid SQE. So we
	 * alloc 1 extra SQE to guarantee that we will always have an available SQE
	 * for cancel operations.
	 */
	ret = io_uring_queue_init(
		static_cast<unsigned int>(frameAssemblyDesc->numSlots + 1), &ring, 0);
	if (ret < 0)
		{ goto cleanup; }

#ifdef REGISTER_IOURING_BUFFERS
	// Register staging buffer with io_uring for DMA-apt I/O
	iov = parent.assemblyBuffer.getIoUringRegisterIoVec();
	ret = io_uring_register_buffers(&ring, &iov, 1);
	if (ret < 0)
		{ goto cleanup_ring; }
#endif

	// Create eventfd for CQE notifications (used with boost's unified loop)
	eventfdFd = eventfd(0, EFD_NONBLOCK);
	if (eventfdFd < 0)
	{
#ifdef REGISTER_IOURING_BUFFERS
		goto cleanup_buffers;
#else
		goto cleanup_ring;
#endif
	}

	// Register eventfd with io_uring
	ret = io_uring_register_eventfd(&ring, eventfdFd);
	if (ret < 0)
		{ goto cleanup_eventfd; }

	shouldAcceptRequests = true;
	return true;

cleanup_eventfd:
	close(eventfdFd);
	eventfdFd = -1;
#ifdef REGISTER_IOURING_BUFFERS
cleanup_buffers:
	io_uring_unregister_buffers(&ring);
#endif
cleanup_ring:
	io_uring_queue_exit(&ring);
cleanup:
	return false;
}

void IoUringAssemblyEngine::finalize()
{
	bool wasAcceptingRequests = stop();

	if (eventfdFd >= 0)
	{
		io_uring_unregister_eventfd(&ring);
		close(eventfdFd);
		eventfdFd = -1;
	}

	if (wasAcceptingRequests)
	{
#ifdef REGISTER_IOURING_BUFFERS
		io_uring_unregister_buffers(&ring);
#endif
		io_uring_queue_exit(&ring);
	}

	// Reset state to allow setup() to be called again
	frameAssemblyDesc = nullptr;
}

void IoUringAssemblyEngine::resetAndAssembleFrame(
	resetAndAssembleFrameCbFn onCqeReady)
{
	if (!onCqeReady)
	{
		throw std::runtime_error(std::string(__func__)
			+ ": onCqeReady callback is invalid");
	}

	if (!shouldAcceptRequests)
	{
		throw std::runtime_error(std::string(__func__)
			+ ": engine is not accepting requests");
	}

	// eventfdDesc should not be valid when resetAndAssembleFrame is called
	if (eventfdDesc)
	{
		throw std::runtime_error(std::string(__func__)
			+ ": eventfdDesc is already set");
	}

	// Store the callback for re-arming
	onCqeReadyCallback = std::move(onCqeReady);

	// Reset all assembled slots tracker to false
	for (auto& slotDesc : assembledSlotsTracker) {
		slotDesc.assembled = false;
	}

	/**	EXPLANATION:
	 * Flush eventfd state: poll and read any pending events before creating
	 * descriptor.
	 * Use poll() to check if data is available (non-blocking check).
	 * If data is available, read it to flush.
	 */
	struct pollfd pfd;
	pfd.fd = eventfdFd;
	pfd.events = POLLIN;
	pfd.revents = 0;
	int poll_ret = poll(&pfd, 1, 0);  // Timeout 0 = non-blocking
	if (poll_ret > 0 && (pfd.revents & POLLIN))
	{
		uint64_t discard;
		ssize_t ret = read(eventfdFd, &discard, sizeof(discard));
		(void)ret;  // Ignore errors - just trying to flush
	}

	eventfdDesc = std::make_unique<boost::asio::posix::stream_descriptor>(
		parent.device->componentThread->getIoService(), eventfdFd);

	if (!eventfdDesc)
	{
		throw std::runtime_error(std::string(__func__)
			+ ": failed to create eventfd stream descriptor");
	}

	// Get UDP socket file descriptor
	int udpFd = pcloudDataFdDesc->native_handle();
	if (udpFd < 0)
	{
		throw std::runtime_error(std::string(__func__)
			+ ": invalid UDP socket file descriptor");
	}

	// Prepare SQEs for each slot in the frame
	struct io_uring_sqe *sqe;
	for (size_t i = 0; i < frameAssemblyDesc->numSlots; ++i)
	{
		sqe = io_uring_get_sqe(&ring);
		if (!sqe)
		{
			throw std::runtime_error(std::string(__func__)
				+ ": failed to get SQE for slot " + std::to_string(i));
		}

		io_uring_prep_recvmsg(sqe, udpFd, &assembledSlotsTracker[i].msgHdr, 0);
		// Set user_data to slot index for tracking
		io_uring_sqe_set_data(sqe, reinterpret_cast<void*>(i));
	}

	// Submit all SQEs
	int ret = io_uring_submit(&ring);
	if (ret < 0)
	{
		throw std::runtime_error(std::string(__func__)
			+ ": io_uring_submit failed: " + std::strerror(errno)
			+ " (errno=" + std::to_string(errno) + ")");
	}

	// Start listening for CQE notifications on eventfd
	eventfdDesc->async_read_some(
		boost::asio::buffer(&eventfd_value, sizeof(eventfd_value)),
		std::bind(
			&IoUringAssemblyEngine::onEventfdRead, this,
			std::placeholders::_1,
			std::placeholders::_2));
}

bool IoUringAssemblyEngine::stop()
{
	// Acquire and release lock tightly around setting the flag
	SpinLock::Guard lock(shouldAcceptRequestsLock);
	bool wasAcceptingRequests = shouldAcceptRequests;
	shouldAcceptRequests = false;
	return wasAcceptingRequests;
}

void IoUringAssemblyEngine::assemblyCycleComplete()
{
	// Cancel in-flight stall timeout timer
	stallTimer.cancel();
	onCqeReadyCallback = std::move([](void *, int){});

	if (frameAssemblyDesc)
	{
		struct io_uring_sqe *sqe = io_uring_get_sqe(&ring);
		if (!sqe)
		{
			std::cerr << __func__ << ": failed to get SQE for cancel op. "
				<< "Continuing cleanup without cancelling.\n";

			goto cleanup_eventfd;
		}

		/* Cancel all in-flight operations on our ring
		 * using IORING_ASYNC_CANCEL_ANY. Identify the CQE for the cancel
		 * op as numSlots since numSlots is an invalid slot index for a
		 * real slot.
		 */
		io_uring_prep_cancel(
			sqe, reinterpret_cast<void*>(frameAssemblyDesc->numSlots),
			IORING_ASYNC_CANCEL_ANY);

		io_uring_submit(&ring);

		/* Wait for cancellation to complete. According to the man page,
		 * cancellation is synchronous and a CQE is guaranteed to be
		 * generated by the time submission returns.
		 */
		struct io_uring_cqe *cqe;
		bool sawCancelCqe = false;
		while (io_uring_peek_cqe(&ring, &cqe) == 0)
		{
			// Call seen() on all CQEs for completeness/correctness.
			io_uring_cqe_seen(&ring, cqe);
			void *user_data = io_uring_cqe_get_data(cqe);
			if (user_data == reinterpret_cast<void*>(
				frameAssemblyDesc->numSlots))
			{
				sawCancelCqe = true;
			}
		}

		if (!sawCancelCqe && smoHooksPtr->OptionParser_getOptions().verbose) {
			std::cerr << __func__ << ": no CQE seen for cancel operation\n";
		}
	}

cleanup_eventfd:
	if (eventfdDesc)
	{
		/**	EXPLANATION:
		 * The goal here is to ensure that our io_service's event loop will not
		 * get any events from the eventfd after we've called
		 * assemblyCycleComplete(). So we completely deinitialize the eventfd
		 * descriptor.
		 *
		 * But we still want to reuse the underlying eventfd file descriptor,
		 * itself in the next resetAndAssembleFrame() cycle, so we call
		 * release() instead of reset() to ensure that the underlying fd
		 * is not closed.
		 *
		 * However, we need to close the descriptor's association with the
		 * io_service before releasing it, otherwise Boost.Asio will complain
		 * when we try to create a new descriptor with the same fd.
		 */
		/**	CAVEAT:
		 * There's a rare but real race condition here where the eventfd gets an
		 * event signaled on it, and while boost is internally processing that
		 * event to enqeue our handler, we call cancel() and release() here.
		 * If boost internally has locking on the stream_descriptor object,
		 * this should be fine. But just in case it doesn't, I'm just
		 * documenting that possibility here.
		 *
		 * There's nothing we can really do about it except know that it would
		 * be very rarely happen; and that we can't do anything about it short
		 * of modifying the boost.Asio code.
		 */
		eventfdDesc->cancel();
		eventfdDesc->release();
		/* Destroy the descriptor object (now that it's unregistered, destroying
		 * it won't close the fd since release() transferred ownership back)
		 */
		eventfdDesc.reset();
	}
}

// Continuation class for assembleFrameReq
class IoUringAssemblyEngine::AssembleFrameReq
:	public PostedAsynchronousContinuation<
		IoUringAssemblyEngine::assembleFrameReqCbFn>
{
public:
	AssembleFrameReq(
		IoUringAssemblyEngine& engine_,
		const std::shared_ptr<ComponentThread>& caller,
		Callback<IoUringAssemblyEngine::assembleFrameReqCbFn> cb)
	:	PostedAsynchronousContinuation<
			IoUringAssemblyEngine::assembleFrameReqCbFn>(caller, cb),
	engine(engine_),
	loop(engine_.frameAssemblyDesc->numSlots),
	timerFired(false), handlerExecuted(false)
	{}

	void callOriginalCallback(bool success, AsynchronousLoop loop)
	{
		callOriginalCb(success, loop);
	}

public:
	void assembleFrameReq1_posted(
		std::shared_ptr<AssembleFrameReq> context)
	{
		SpinLock::Guard lock(engine.shouldAcceptRequestsLock);

		if (!engine.shouldAcceptRequests)
		{
			context->callOriginalCallback(false, AsynchronousLoop(0));
			return;
		}

		// Initialize loop with number of slots
		context->loop = AsynchronousLoop(engine.frameAssemblyDesc->numSlots);

		/**	FIXME:
		 * I'm suspicious of this std::bind return object here. What if us
		 * setting it to null inside of stop() doesn't actually cause the
		 * object to be destroyed? This would cause this contin's sh_ptr's
		 * reference count to never reach 0, causing a memory leak.
		 */
		engine.resetAndAssembleFrame(
			std::bind(&AssembleFrameReq::assembleFrameReq2_2,
				context.get(), context,
				std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2));

		// Set up timeout timer for CONFIG_STIMBUFF_FRAME_PERIOD_MS/2 ms
		engine.stallTimer.expires_from_now(
			boost::posix_time::milliseconds(
				CONFIG_STIMBUFF_FRAME_PERIOD_MS / 2));
		engine.stallTimer.async_wait(
			std::bind(&AssembleFrameReq::assembleFrameReq2_1,
				context.get(), context,
				std::placeholders::_1));
	}

	void assembleFrameReq2_1(
		std::shared_ptr<AssembleFrameReq> context,
		const boost::system::error_code& error)
	{
		// Check if timer was cancelled (ignore if operation_aborted)
		if (error == boost::asio::error::operation_aborted) { return; }

		/**	EXPLANATION:
		 * This lock acquisition here will also cover the call to
		 * assembleFrameReq3 below. Because of that, it means that the
		 * requirement that the lock be held while accessing
		 * the metadata that's destroyed in stop() is satisfied.
		 *
		 * In theory though, we shouldn't need to hold the lock into
		 * assembleFrameReq3 below because that function doesn't really access
		 * any state that's destroyed in stop()? But I'm not sure, and we have
		 * indeed seen a SEGFAULT even in the current code with locking, so
		 * I'm going to hold the lock here for now.
		 */
		SpinLock::Guard lock(context->engine.shouldAcceptRequestsLock);

		if (!context->engine.shouldAcceptRequests)
		{
			context->engine.assemblyCycleComplete();
			context->loop.setRemainingIterationsToFailure();
			context->callOriginalCallback(false, context->loop);
			return;
		}

		// Set timer fired flag
		context->timerFired.store(true);
		context->assembleFrameReq3(context);
	}

	void assembleFrameReq2_2(
		std::shared_ptr<AssembleFrameReq> context,
		void *user_data, int cqe_result)
	{
		// NB: The lock was acquired by onEventFdRead before calling this func
		if (!context->engine.shouldAcceptRequests)
		{
			context->engine.assemblyCycleComplete();
			context->loop.setRemainingIterationsToFailure();
			context->callOriginalCallback(false, context->loop);
			return;
		}

		// Extract index from user_data and mark slot as assembled if successful
		size_t index = reinterpret_cast<size_t>(user_data);
		bool success = (cqe_result >= 0);

		if (success && index < context->engine.assembledSlotsTracker.size()) {
			context->engine.assembledSlotsTracker[index].assembled = true;
		}

		// Caller decides success: result >= 0 means success
		if (context->loop.incrementSuccessOrFailureAndTestForCompletionDueTo(
			success))
		{
			// Loop is complete, call oracle function
			context->assembleFrameReq3(context);
		}
	}

	void assembleFrameReq3(
		std::shared_ptr<AssembleFrameReq> context
		)
	{
		/**	EXPLANATION:
		 * All branch paths that invoke this unifyig oracle function are
		 * expected to already hold the shouldAcceptRequestsLock before calling
		 * it.
		 */
		// Ensure we only execute once using atomic exchange
		if (context->handlerExecuted.exchange(true)) { return; }
		// Cancel the timer, stop the engine and process frame, if any.
		context->engine.assemblyCycleComplete();

		/**	EXPLANATION:
		 * Timeout doesn't necessarily mean error.
		 *
		 * If we received zero dgrams from the device, that is indeed an error.
		 * But if we received some dgrams, but not all, that is not an error:
		 * it just means we didn't receive as much data as we would have liked.
		 */

		// Error: no slots succeeded - no data received successfully.
		if (context->loop.nSucceeded.load() == 0)
		{
			context->callOriginalCallback(false, context->loop);
			return;
		}

#if 0
		// Artificially create random dummy slots for testing
		context->engine.randomDummySlotFiller(context->loop);
#endif

		// Fill un-assembled slots with dummy datagrams
		context->engine.fillUnAssembledSlotsWithDummyDgrams();

#if 0
		// Print first 4 bytes of each slot (whether assembled or not)
		if (context->engine.frameAssemblyDesc)
		{
			for (size_t i = 0; i < context->engine.frameAssemblyDesc->numSlots; ++i) {
				context->engine.printSlotBytes(i, 4);
			}
		}
#endif

		if (context->loop.nSucceeded.load() >= context->loop.nTotal)
		{
			// Success: all or more slots succeeded
			if (context->loop.nSucceeded.load() > context->loop.nTotal)
			{
				std::cerr << __func__ << ": nSucceeded > nTotal: succ ("
					<< context->loop.nSucceeded.load()
					<< ") > nTotal (" << context->loop.nTotal << ")\n";
			}

			context->callOriginalCallback(true, context->loop);
			return;
		}

		if (context->loop.nSucceeded.load() < context->loop.nTotal)
		{
			// Success: some slots succeeded (less than total)
			// Note: dummy fill for un-assembled slots will be implemented later
			context->callOriginalCallback(true, context->loop);
			return;
		}

		if (smoHooksPtr->OptionParser_getOptions().verbose)
		{
			std::cerr << __func__ << ": Invalid state: nSucceeded ("
				<< context->loop.nSucceeded.load()
				<< ") < nTotal (" << context->loop.nTotal << ")" << std::endl;
		}

		context->callOriginalCallback(false, context->loop);
		return;
	}

public:
	IoUringAssemblyEngine& engine;
	AsynchronousLoop loop;
	std::atomic<bool> timerFired;
	std::atomic<bool> handlerExecuted;
};

void IoUringAssemblyEngine::assembleFrameReq(
	Callback<assembleFrameReqCbFn> cb)
{
	{
		SpinLock::Guard lock(shouldAcceptRequestsLock);
		if (!shouldAcceptRequests)
		{
			cb.callbackFn(false, AsynchronousLoop(0));
			return;
		}
	}

	const auto& caller = smoHooksPtr->ComponentThread_getSelf();
	auto request = std::make_shared<AssembleFrameReq>(
		*this, caller, std::move(cb));

	parent.device->componentThread->getIoService().post(
		STC(std::bind(
			&AssembleFrameReq::assembleFrameReq1_posted,
			request.get(), request)));
}

void IoUringAssemblyEngine::onEventfdRead(
	const boost::system::error_code& error,
	std::size_t bytes_transferred)
{
	(void)bytes_transferred;

	// Ignore cancellation errors
	if (error == boost::asio::error::operation_aborted) { return; }

	/**	EXPLANATION:
	 * This lock should be held throughout this method to ensure that the
	 * IoUringAssemblyEngine's per-assembly state isn't destroyed while this
	 * handler is running.
	 */
	SpinLock::Guard lock(shouldAcceptRequestsLock);
	/**	EXPLANATION:
	 * You'd think we should put check for shouldAcceptRequests here and
	 * `return` here if !shouldAcceptRequests, but we shouldn't because
	 * that would mean that we can't invoke the caller's callback. This would
	 * make the caller freeze forever.
	 *
	 * Instead we just let the onCqeReadyCallback check for
	 * shouldAcceptRequests. That way the onCqeReadyCallback can actually
	 * invoke the caller's callback, as it should. We have no knowledge of the
	 * caller's callback because we don't have access to the caller's
	 * continuation object. The onCqeReadyCallback does have access to it,
	 * so we leave that up to it.
	 */

	/**	FIXME:
	 * It may be necessary to specifically check for and handle the cancel op
	 * CQE here. I'm not sure as yet though, but I'll highlight it here for now.
	 */

	// Process all available CQEs and call callback for each one
	struct io_uring_cqe *cqe;
	while (io_uring_peek_cqe(&ring, &cqe) == 0)
	{
		// Get user_data from the CQE
		void* user_data = io_uring_cqe_get_data(cqe);
		// Get result from the CQE
		int cqe_result = cqe->res;
		// Mark the CQE as seen
		io_uring_cqe_seen(&ring, cqe);

		/**	EXPLANATION:
		 * Call the user-provided callback for this CQE with its user_data and
		 * result.
		 *
		 * 1. Notice that we call the caller's cb *after* marking the CQE as
		 * seen. We may later need to change this if the caller needs
		 * information from the CQE before it is marked as seen.
		 *
		 * 2. Notice that we do not check for or filter out the cancel op CQE
		 * here. The caller's handler will be able to see the cancel op CQE
		 * because of this.
		 */
		if (onCqeReadyCallback) {
			onCqeReadyCallback(user_data, cqe_result);
		}
	}

	/**	EXPLANATION:
	 * But we do put a `return` here because we know that at this point, the
	 * caller's callback has already been invoked.
	 */
	if (!shouldAcceptRequests
		|| eventfdDesc == nullptr || !eventfdDesc->is_open())
	{
		return;
	}

	// Re-arm the eventfd read for next CQE notification
	eventfdDesc->async_read_some(
		boost::asio::buffer(&eventfd_value, sizeof(eventfd_value)),
		std::bind(
			&IoUringAssemblyEngine::onEventfdRead, this,
			std::placeholders::_1,
			std::placeholders::_2));
}

void IoUringAssemblyEngine::fillUnAssembledSlotsWithDummyDgrams()
{
	if (!frameAssemblyDesc)
		{ return; }

	for (size_t i = 0; i < frameAssemblyDesc->numSlots; ++i)
	{
		// Only fill slots that were not successfully assembled
		if (i >= assembledSlotsTracker.size()
			|| assembledSlotsTracker[i].assembled)
		{
			continue;
		}

		// Placement construct DummyLivoxEthHeader in the slot
		new (frameAssemblyDesc->slots[i].vaddr) DummyLivoxEthHeader();
	}
}

void IoUringAssemblyEngine::randomDummySlotFiller(AsynchronousLoop& loop)
{
	if (!frameAssemblyDesc)
		{ return; }

	// Check if there are already dummies (natural dummy instance)
	uint32_t nSucceeded = loop.nSucceeded.load();
	uint32_t nTotal = loop.nTotal;
	uint32_t nFailed = loop.nFailed.load();

	if (nFailed > 0 || nSucceeded < nTotal)
	{
		std::cout << __func__ << ": Natural dummy instance detected (nSucceeded="
			<< nSucceeded << ", nTotal=" << nTotal << ", nFailed=" << nFailed
			<< "), skipping artificial dummy creation" << std::endl;
		return;
	}

	// Randomly select a number of slots to make into dummies (less than total)
	std::uniform_int_distribution<size_t> numDummiesDist(1, nTotal - 1);
	size_t numDummiesToCreate = numDummiesDist(randomGenerator);

	std::uniform_int_distribution<size_t> slotIndexDist(0, nTotal - 1);
	size_t dummiesCreated = 0;
	size_t maxAttempts = nTotal * 10; // Safety limit to prevent infinite loop
	size_t attempts = 0;

	// Mark random slots as unassembled
	while (dummiesCreated < numDummiesToCreate && attempts < maxAttempts)
	{
		++attempts;
		size_t randomIndex = slotIndexDist(randomGenerator);

		// Skip if already unassembled, re-roll
		if (randomIndex >= assembledSlotsTracker.size()
			|| !assembledSlotsTracker[randomIndex].assembled)
		{
			continue;
		}

		// Mark as unassembled
		assembledSlotsTracker[randomIndex].assembled = false;
		++dummiesCreated;
	}

	if (dummiesCreated < numDummiesToCreate)
	{
		std::cerr << __func__ << ": Warning: Could only create " << dummiesCreated
			<< " dummy slots out of " << numDummiesToCreate
			<< " requested (max attempts reached)" << std::endl;
		numDummiesToCreate = dummiesCreated;
	}

	// Update the AsynchronousLoop to reflect the new number of dummies
	// Since we only reach here when nSucceeded == nTotal and nFailed == 0,
	// we can directly calculate the new values
	uint32_t newSucceeded = nTotal - static_cast<uint32_t>(numDummiesToCreate);
	uint32_t newFailed = static_cast<uint32_t>(numDummiesToCreate);

	loop.nSucceeded.store(newSucceeded);
	loop.nFailed.store(newFailed);

	std::cout << __func__ << ": Artificially created " << numDummiesToCreate
		<< " dummy slots (nSucceeded: " << nTotal << " -> "
		<< newSucceeded << ", nFailed: 0 -> " << newFailed << ")" << std::endl;
}

void IoUringAssemblyEngine::printSlotBytes(size_t slotIndex, size_t nBytes)
{
	if (!frameAssemblyDesc)
	{
		std::cerr << __func__ << ": frameAssemblyDesc is null" << std::endl;
		return;
	}

	if (slotIndex >= frameAssemblyDesc->numSlots)
	{
		std::cerr << __func__ << ": slotIndex " << slotIndex
			<< " out of range (numSlots=" << frameAssemblyDesc->numSlots
			<< ")" << std::endl;
		return;
	}

	const auto& slot = frameAssemblyDesc->slots[slotIndex];
	size_t bytesToPrint = std::min(nBytes, static_cast<size_t>(slot.nBytes));
	const uint8_t* data = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(slot.vaddr);

	std::cout << __func__ << ": Slot " << slotIndex << " vaddr=" << (void*)slot.vaddr
		<< " (" << bytesToPrint
		<< " bytes):" << std::endl;

	// Print hex dump format: offset | hex bytes | ASCII
	const size_t bytesPerLine = 16;
	for (size_t offset = 0; offset < bytesToPrint; offset += bytesPerLine)
	{
		// Print offset
		std::cout << std::hex << std::setfill('0') << std::setw(4)
			<< offset << ": ";

		// Print hex bytes
		for (size_t i = 0; i < bytesPerLine; ++i)
		{
			if (offset + i < bytesToPrint)
			{
				std::cout << std::setw(2) << static_cast<unsigned>(data[offset + i])
					<< " ";
			}
			else
			{
				std::cout << "   ";
			}
		}

		// Print ASCII representation
		std::cout << " |";
		for (size_t i = 0; i < bytesPerLine && offset + i < bytesToPrint; ++i)
		{
			uint8_t byte = data[offset + i];
			char c = (byte >= 32 && byte < 127) ? static_cast<char>(byte) : '.';
			std::cout << c;
		}
		std::cout << "|" << std::dec << std::endl;
	}
}

} // namespace stim_buff
} // namespace smo